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Information on Shopping Malls: A shopping mall is one or more buildings forming a complex of shops representing merchandisers, with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to easily walk from unit to unit, along with a parking area – a modern, indoor version of the traditional marketplace. Modern "car-friendly" strip malls developed from the 1920s, and shopping malls corresponded with the rise of suburban living in many parts of the Western World, especially the United States, after World War II. From early on, the design tended to be inward-facing, with malls following theories of how customers could best be enticed in a controlled environment. Similar, the concept of a mall having one or more "anchor" or "big box" stores was pioneered early, with individual stores or smaller-scale chain stores intended to benefit from the shoppers attracted by the big stores. Regional differences In most of the world the term shopping centre is used, especially
in Europe and Australasia; however shopping mall is also used, predominantly
in North America.[2] Outside of North America, shopping precinct and
shopping arcade are also used. In North America, the term shopping
mall is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and is generally
abbreviated to simply mall), while shopping center usually refers to
open-air retail complexes; both types of facilities usually have large
parking lots, face major traffic arterials and have few pedestrian
connections to surrounding neighborhoods.[2] Shopping centres in the United Kingdom can be referred to as "shopping centres", "shopping precincts", or "town centres". The standard British pronunciation of the word "mall" is as in "The Mall, London" – the tree-lined avenue leading to Buckingham Palace, London and also like "pal" (friend). Mall can refer to either a shopping mall – a place where a collection of shops all adjoin a pedestrian area – or an exclusively pedestrianised street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic. Mall is generally used in North America to refer to a large shopping area usually composed of a single building which contains multiple shops, usually "anchored" by one or more department stores surrounded by a parking lot, while the term arcade is more often used, especially in Britain, to refer to a narrow pedestrian-only street, often covered or between closely spaced buildings (see town centre). A larger, often partly covered and exclusively pedestrian shopping area is in Britain also termed a shopping centre, shopping precinct, or pedestrian precinct. The majority of British shopping centres are in town centres, usually
inserted into old shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open
air shopping streets. A number of large out-of-town "regional
malls" such as Meadowhall, Sheffield and the Trafford Centre,
Manchester were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations
prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments
in the UK are now focused on retail parks, which consist of groups
of warehouse style shops with individual entrances from outdoors. Planning
policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although
with patchy success. The MetroCentre, in Gateshead (near Newcastle
upon Tyne), is the largest shopping centre in Europe with over 330
shops, 50 restaurants and an 11 screen cinema and Westfield London
is the largest inner-city shopping centre in Europe. Bullring, Birmingham
is the busiest shopping centre in the UK welcoming over 36.5 million
shoppers in its opening year. [3] In Hong Kong, the term "shopping centre" is the most frequently
used, and the name of a shopping centre in Hong Kong usually contains
the word "centre" or "plaza". The first mall ever built is located in The City of Damascus, the capital city of Syria. It is called Souq Al Hamdia in Old Damascus and dates back to the seventh century. Isfahan's Grand Bazaar, which is largely covered, dates from the 10th century. The 10 kilometer long covered Tehran's Grand Bazaar also has a long history. The Grand Bazaar of Istanbul was built in the 15th century and is still one of the largest covered markets in the world, with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops. Gostiny Dvor in St. Petersburg, which opened in 1785, may be regarded as one of the first purposely-built shopping malls, as it consisted of more than 100 shops covering an area of over 53,000 m2 (570,000 sq ft). The Oxford Covered Market in Oxford, England opened in 1774 and still runs today. The Burlington Arcade in London was opened in 1819. The Arcade in Providence, Rhode Island introduced the concept to the United States in 1828, making it the oldest mall in America.[4] The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, Italy followed in the 1860s and is closer to large modern malls in spaciousness. Other large cities created arcades and shopping centres in the late 19th century and early 20th century, including the Cleveland Arcade and Moscow's GUM in 1890. Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include Market Square, Lake Forest, Illinois (1916) and Country Club Plaza, Kansas City, Missouri (1924). An early indoor mall in the United States was the Lake View Store at Morgan Park, Duluth, Minnesota, which was built in 1915 and held its grand opening on July 20, 1916. The architect was Dean and Dean from Chicago and the building contractor was George H. Lounsberry from Duluth. The building is two stories with a full basement, and shops were originally located on all three levels. All of the stores were located within the interior of the mall; some shops were accessible from inside and out. In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the suburb and automobile
culture in the United States, a new style of shopping centre was created
away from downtown.[5] The Arcade of Cleveland was the first indoor shopping mall in the US and an architectural triumph. When the building opened in 1890, two sides of the arcade had 1,600 panes of glass set in iron framing. An early shopping center in the United States was Country Club Plaza, which opened in 1924 in Kansas City, Missouri. Other important shopping centers built in the 1920s and early 1930s are the Highland Park Village in Dallas, Texas; River Oaks in Houston, Texas; and Park and Shop in Washington, D.C.. The fully-enclosed shopping mall did not appear until the 1950s. The idea was pioneered by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant Victor Gruen. This new generation, eventually called malls, included Northgate Mall, built in north Seattle, Washington, USA in 1950, Victor Gruen's Northland Shopping Center built near Detroit, Michigan, USA in 1954, and Gulfgate Mall in Houston; they were all originally open-air pedestrian shopping centers that later were enclosed as malls. The first enclosed, postwar shopping center (or mall) was the Gruen-designed Southdale Center, which opened in the Twin Cities suburb of Edina, Minnesota, USA in 1956. For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth century".[1] The early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl.[1] In the UK, Chrisp Street Market was the first pedestrian shopping area built with a road at the shop fronts. Developers such as Alfred Taubman of Taubman Centers extended the concept further, with terrazzo tiles at the Mall at Short Hills in New Jersey, indoor fountains, and two levels allowing a shopper to make a circuit of all the stores.[6] Taubman believed carpeting increased friction, slowing down customers, so it was removed.[6] Fading daylight through glass panels was supplemented by gradually increased electric lighting, making it seem like the afternoon was lasting longer, which encouraged shoppers to linger.[7][8] Ala Moana Center in Honolulu, Hawaii is currently the largest open-air
mall in the world and was the largest mall in the states when it was
built in 1957. It is currently the sixteenth largest in the country.
The Bergen Mall, the oldest enclosed mall in New Jersey, opened in
Paramus on November 14, 1957, with Dave Garroway, host of The Today
Show, serving as master of ceremonies.[9] The mall, located just outside
New York City, was planned in 1955 by Allied Stores to have 100 stores
and 8,600 parking spaces in a 1,500,000 sq ft (139,000 m2) mall that
would include a 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m2) Stern's store and two other
150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) department stores as part of the design.
Allied's chairman B. Earl Puckett confidently announced the Bergen
Mall as the largest of ten proposed centers, stating that there were
25 cities that could support such centers and that no more than 50
malls of this type would ever be built nationwide.[10][11] SM City North EDSA in the Philippines, which opened in November 1985, is the world's second largest at 460,000 m2 (5,000,000 sq ft) of gross floor area, and SM Mall of Asia in the Philippines, opened in May 2006, is the world's third largest at 386,000 m2 (4,150,000 sq ft) of gross floor area. The largest mall ever is South China Mall in China. Previously, the title of the largest enclosed shopping mall was with the West Edmonton Mall in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada from 1986–2004. It is now the fifth largest mall.[12] Two of the largest malls are in China, South China Mall and Jin Yuan. Dubai Mall is the largest mall in Middle East, currently ranked seventh in the world. The current largest shopping centre in Europe is the MetroCentre near Newcastle upon Tyne in the UK,[13] while the largest in Australasia is Chadstone Shopping Centre in Melbourne.[14] One of the world's largest shopping complexes in one location is the two-mall agglomeration of the Plaza at King of Prussia and the Court at King of Prussia in the Philadelphia suburb of King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States. The King of Prussia mall has the most shopping per square foot in the U.S. The most visited shopping mall in the world and largest mall in the
United States is the Mall of America, located near the Twin Cities
in Bloomington, Minnesota. However, several Asian malls are advertised
as having more visitors, including Mal Taman Anggrek, Kelapa Gading
Mall and Pluit Village, all in Jakarta-Indonesia, Berjaya Times Square
in Malaysia and SM Megamall in the Philippines. The largest mall in
South Asia is Mantri Square Mall in Bangalore India. In many cases, regional and super-regional malls exist as parts of
large superstructures which often also include office space, residential
space, amusement parks and so forth. This trend can be seen in the
construction and design of many modern supermalls such as Cevahir Mall
in Turkey. The International Council of Shopping Centers' 1999 definitions[15]
were not restricted to shopping centers in any particular country,
but later editions were made specific to the U.S. with a separate set
for Europe. A regional mall is, per the International Council of Shopping Centers,
in the United States, a shopping mall which is designed to service
a larger area than a conventional shopping mall. As such, it is typically
larger with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) to 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2)
gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores[16] and offers
a wider selection of stores. Given their wider service area, these
malls tend to have higher-end stores that need a larger area in order
for their services to be profitable. Regional malls are also found
as tourist attractions in vacation areas. A super regional mall is, per the International Council of Shopping
Centers, in the U.S. a shopping mall with over 800,000 sq ft (74,000
m2)[16] of gross leasable area, and which serves as the dominant shopping
venue for the region in which it is located. An outlet mall (or outlet centre) is a type of shopping mall in which
manufacturers sell their products directly to the public through their
own stores. Other stores in outlet malls are operated by retailers
selling returned goods and discontinued products, often at heavily
reduced prices. Outlet stores were found as early as 1936, but the
first multi-store outlet mall, Vanity Fair, located in Reading, PA
didn't open until 1974. Belz Enterprises opened the first enclosed
factory outlet mall in 1979, in Lakeland, TN, a suburb of Memphis.[17] A common feature of shopping malls is a food court: this typically
consists of a number of fast food vendors of various types, surrounding
a shared seating area. When the shopping mall format was developed by Victor Gruen in the
mid-1950s, signing larger department stores was necessary for the financial
stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result
in visits to the smaller stores in the mall as well. These larger stores
are termed anchor store or draw tenant. Anchors generally have their
rents heavily discounted, and may even receive cash inducements from
the mall to remain open. In physical configuration, anchor stores are
normally located as far from each other as possible to maximize the
amount of traffic from one anchor to another. Frequently, a shopping mall or shopping center will have satellite
buildings located either on the same tract of land or on one abutting
it, on which will be located stand-alone stores, which may or may not
be legally connected to the central facility through contract or ownership.
These stores may have their own parking lots, or their lots may interconnect
with those of the mall or center. The existence of the stand-alone
store may have been planned by the mall's developer, or may have come
about through opportunistic actions by others, but visually the central
facility – the mall or shopping center – and the satellite
buildings will often be perceived as being a single "unit",
even in circumstances where the outlying buildings are not officially
or legally connected to the mall in any way. In the U.S, as more modern facilities are built, many early malls have become abandoned, due to decreased traffic and tenancy. These "dead malls" have failed to attract new business and often sit unused for many years until restored or demolished. Interesting examples of architecture and urban design, these structures often attract people who explore and photograph them. This phenomenon of dead and dying malls is examined in detail by the website Deadmalls.com, which hosts many such photographs, as well as historical accounts. Until the mid-1990s, the trend was to build enclosed malls and to renovate older outdoor malls into enclosed ones. Such malls had advantages such as temperature control. Since then, the trend has turned and it is once again fashionable to build open-air malls. According to the International Council of Shopping Centers, only one new enclosed mall has been built in the United States since 2006.[18] Some enclosed malls have been opened up, such as the Sherman Oaks
Galleria. In addition, some malls, when replacing an empty anchor location,
have replaced the former anchor store building with the more modern
outdoor design, leaving the remainder of the indoor mall intact, such
as the Del Amo Fashion Center in Torrance, California. In parts of Canada, it is now rare for new shopping malls to be built.
The Vaughan Mills Shopping Centre, opened in 2004, and Crossiron Mills,
opened in 2009, are the only malls built in Canada since 1992. Outdoor
outlet malls or big box shopping areas known as power centres are now
favored, although the traditional enclosed shopping mall is still in
demand by those seeking weather-protected, all-under-one-roof shopping.
In addition the enclosed interconnections between downtown multi story
shopping malls continue to grow in the Underground city of Montreal
(32 kilometres of passageway), the PATH system of Toronto (27 km (17
mi) of passageway) and the Plus15 system of Calgary (16 km (9.9 mi)
of overhead passageway). In order to understand the relationship between the shopping mall and tourism we must first understand the meaning of the word. Tourism no longer defines those who seek adventure – in fact it has come to represent just the opposite. Today’s tourists are more interested in a risk-free, pseudo-cultural experience where every path is pre-determined in order to maximize his or her stay with hopes to maximize profit. To borrow from Professor Ayad Rahmani’s [1] definition, the tourist is someone who “having tired of routine work or current living conditions, seeks relief in variety. In doing so, he or she tends to reach out to circumstances that generate the greatest visual reward in the least amount of time.”[19] Using these interpretations of tourism, shopping malls have arguably become one of the most design-manipulated “cultural” experiences a person is exposed to today - proof that it has become a distinctly popular tourist attraction. The result of this spectacle-driven attraction has created a negative sensationalism that, rather than encourage inspiration and creativity through its design, has been executed with the sole intention of generating revenue. As one begins to walk around the mall, it is apparent he or she has become a tourist - surrounded by storefronts suggesting Parisian boulevards and New Orleans’s Bourbon Street.[20]When asked why, a publicist for the Fantasyland Hotel of the West Edmonton Mall replied,“What we have done means you don’t have to go to New York or Paris or Disneyland or Hawaii. We have it all here for you in one place…"[21] Again we are brought back to the notion of the shopping mall as a
tourist attraction. In places like the West Edmonton Mall (WEM), people
are attracted to this very idea that no longer does one have to spend
time and money planning a trip, when they can experience what a place
represents, both in physical form by use of the façade and the
intrinsic qualities or emotions one associates with the vernacular
of that place all under the umbrella of a single shopping mall. Shopping
malls can be understood in yet another way as tourist attractions if
one looks to other popular tourist destinations. For example, many
people travel to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, staying in moderate to luxurious
hotels and spending most of their time at places designed for the tourist
- such as bars or the sandy coastal beaches the city offers. However,
what most of them won’t find, are the poverty-stricken locals
or the numerous violent gangs that are essentially hidden from this
tourist community. In the same way, shopping malls strive to design
a cleaned-up downtown, in order to create a “fantasy urbanism
devoid of the city’s negative aspects: weather, traffic, and
the poor people…” [22] High land prices in populous cities have led to the concept of the "vertical mall," in which space allocated to retail is configured over a number of stories accessible by elevators and/or escalators linking the different levels of the mall. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the natural tendency of shoppers to move horizontally and encourage shoppers to move upwards and downwards.[23] The concept of a vertical mall was originally conceived in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company, former shopping center development division of Marshall Field & Co. The Water Tower Place skyscraper, Chicago, Illinois, was built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties. It contains a hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits atop a block-long base containing an eight-level atrium-style retail mall that fronts on the Magnificent Mile. Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations such as
Hong Kong and Bangkok. Times Square in Hong Kong is a principal example.[23] A vertical mall may also be built where the geography prevents building
outward or there are other restrictions on construction, such as historical
buildings or significant archeology. The Darwin Shopping Centre and
associated malls in Shrewsbury, UK, are built on the side of a steep
hill, around the former outer walls of the nearby medieval castle;[24]
consequently the shopping centre is split over seven floors vertically – two
locations horizontally – connected by elevators, escalators and
bridge walkways.[25] Some establishments incorporate such design into
their layout, such as Shrewsbury's McDonalds restaurant, split into
four stories with multiple mezzanines which feature medieval castle
vaults – complete with arrowslits – in the basement dining
rooms. A shopping property management firm is a company that specializes
in owning and managing shopping malls. Most shopping property management
firms own at least 20 malls. Some firms use a similar naming scheme
for most of their malls; for example, Mills Corporation puts "Mills" in
most of their mall names and SM Prime Holdings of the Philippines puts "SM" in
all of their malls, as well as anchor stores such as SM Department
Store, SM Appliance Center, SM Hypermarket, SM Cinema, and SM Supermarket.
In the UK, The Mall Fund changes the name of any centre they buy to "The
Mall (location)", using their pink-M logo; when they sell a mall
it reverts to its own name and branding, such as the Ashley Centre
in Epsom.[26] Many new towns in the United Kingdom – including Cumbernauld,
Glenrothes, East Kilbride, Milton Keynes, Washington, Tyne and Wear,
Coventry, Newton Aycliffe, Peterlee and Telford – did not incorporate
a traditional style town centre but instead developed a shopping centre.
Unlike the shopping centres which were developing in established towns
and cities, these also contained many civic functions and other community
facilities such as libraries, pubs and community centres. As the towns
grew, other facilities were usually developed around the centres, effectively
enlarging the town centres.[citation needed] One controversial aspect of malls has been their effective displacement of traditional main streets. Many consumers prefer malls, with their spacious parking garages, entertaining environments, and private security guards, over CBDs or downtowns, which frequently suffer from limited parking, poor maintenance, and limited police coverage.[27][28] In response, a few jurisdictions, notably California, have expanded the right of freedom of speech to ensure that speakers will be able to reach consumers who prefer to shop, eat, and socialize within the boundaries of privately owned malls. The Wikipedia article on this page is released under CC-BY-SA. |
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